Native Americans And Christianity During Nineteenth...

Marissa Moran Dr. Carayon HIST 384 11 November 2014 Native Americans and Christianity in Eighteenth Century America Eighteenth century New England was a place of spiritual revival affecting more than just unevangelized colonists but people of all races and religions, including Native Americans. Between the years 1700 and 1820, there was a series of movements, known collectively as the Great Awakening, which consisted of localized religious resurgences that involved several denominations of Christianity. The objective of the Great Awakening was to spread the word of Christ to those who had not yet had a spiritual experience with Him. Native Americans were greatly exposed to the Great Awakening through a number of methods used by the colonists including sermons and the institution of Christian boarding schools for Native children. Each individual Indian responded to the revival in their own unique way, some denouncing Christianity, some embracing it, and some feeling indifferent towards it; however, throughout the course of the book, The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cu ltures in North America, author Linford Fisher reestablishes the idea that there was Indian conversion to Christianity, and explains that Native Americans at this time were more likely to affiliate themselves with the church rather than to fully convert. Across the broad landscape of New England, countless Native communities were altered in some aspect by their EuropeanShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of America, A Nation Known For Its Democracy,1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America, a nation known for its democracy, liberty, and equality is a place where all can come that seek a better life while on the pursuit of happiness. All except those who classify themselves as Muslim, it seems. 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Soon, after the civil war Americans began pushing west in the name of â€Å"manifest destiny, the belief that the United States had a ‘God-given’ right to aggressively

Different Methods of Endorsing a Check Free Essays

An indorsement is made by the holder of a check when he or she wants to negotiate it or wants to indicate a limitation as to its specific purpose. An example of a specific purpose is when the indorser only wants the check to be deposited to an account, not cashed over the counter. A third purpose of indorsement is when a bank or a person paying for the amount indicated in the check wants to obtain the liability of the person negotiating the check. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Methods of Endorsing a Check or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indorsement could be done by the holder in several ways, namely: by special indorsement, blank indorsement, restrictive indorsement, and qualified indorsement.  (Mallor-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, 2007) Special indorsement means that the holder of the check affixes his or her signature on the back of the check and then writes down the name of the specific person who could negotiate it or authorize to have it negotiated. For instance, a check has been specially indorsed to John Smith if the holder of the check (say, Mary Walters) wrote on the back thereof his name as payee and affixes his/her signature below John Smith’s name. A holder, for this purpose, refers to the person who has in his or her possession a check which is â€Å"payable to bearer† or made out in his or her name. When the check has been specially indorsed to John Smith, he, in turn, becomes a holder of the check who is authorized either to negotiate the check or indorse it to someone else. (Mallor et al. , 2007)  §3-205 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) specifically states that â€Å"When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person.† (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) Blank indorsement occurs when the holder simply affixes his or her signature at the back of the check without identifying any person as payee or indorsee. In the example, Mary Walters, as payee of the check, simply signs her name on the back of the check without naming any particular person to whom the check could be paid. In this case, having indorsed the check in blank, Mary has converted the check into a â€Å"payable to bearer† check. It could therefore be transferred by anyone who acquires it. If it is John Smith who takes possession of the check, he can negotiate it by simply writing his or her name on the back of the check, thereby identifying him as the person to whom the check could be paid. His act of writing his name effectively converts a blank-indorsed check to a specially indorsed check. (Mallor et al. , 2007) â€Å"When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed. † (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) Restrictive indorsement refers to a situation when a check is indorsed to satisfy a specific purpose only. A case in point is when a person wants that a check issued to him – like for example a paycheck or a check which represents proceeds from an insurance claim – should only be deposited in his account at a specified bank, he or she should indicate in so many words by writing down, for instance, the following: â€Å"For Deposit to my Account at Chase Manhattan Bank. † This restricts the indorsement to the purpose specified. If, for any reason some other person other than the payee presents the check which is so indorsed to a bank, the law states that said bank should ensure that the proceeds of the check should go to the specified account. If the bank releases the amount to the person who presents the check, said bank will be liable under the principle of conversion. Judge McEwen of the New York Supreme Court, in Lehigh Presbytery v. Merchants Bancorp, Inc. (Penn. Super. Ct. 1991) said that the UCC orders banks to honor such restrictions or be liable for any resulting losses, saying that this principle was meant â€Å"to prevent† fraud. (As cited in Mallor et al. , 2007) Qualified indorsement is a type of indorsement which could be made on checks which have been indorsed specially or in blank. This is resorted to by an indorser who wishes to free himself or herself from any liability in case of default on the part of the person who issued the check by writing the words â€Å"Without Recourse. † In other words, if the maker of the check fails to meet his or her obligation, the indorser would not be liable if he or she qualifies the indorsement.  § 3-415 of the UCC has specifically provided that although the indorser â€Å"is obliged to pay the amount due† on a dishonored instrument, in a qualified indorsement â€Å"the indorser is not liable †¦ to pay the instrument.† (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) The law governing negotiable instruments, specifically the methods of indorsing a check, is one of those laws which were passed not only to govern the conduct of business in the country but also to help Americans protect their hard-earned wealth from scheming, unscrupulous individuals. As it stands, the law on negotiable instruments which has withstood the test of time merits the support of every well-meaning citizen of the country. How to cite Different Methods of Endorsing a Check, Papers

Position Paper Tenure Versus Non-Tenure free essay sample

This comes as enrollments continue to set records and economically troubled times strain resources. Between 1 992 and 1998, according to figures from the American Council on Education, across all institutions of higher learning in the United States, the percentage of tenure-track faculty declined from 41 to 38 percent. Among public research universities, the decrease was from 63. 5 to 57. 6 percent. Nation-wide, the presence of part-time faculty grew by 79 percent between 1981 and the turn of the century. The issue has attracted the attention of the media, university trustees, faculty councils, and students across the country as administrators struggle to find he right balance for their campuses. Indiana University is not exempt from the debate. II is following the national trend in one regard ? the number of entendre- track full-time positions has increased on all campuses. But the university is bucking the national trend of more part-time positions. At Indiana, the number of part-time faculty has declined at ELIJAH and has held fairly steady at other campuses. We will write a custom essay sample on Position Paper Tenure Versus Non-Tenure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The greatest faculty growth lies in full-time entendre- track teaching positions. QUIP is a good example. The Indianapolis campus had increased enrollment, UT it had exactly the same number of full-time tenure-track faculty, 1,327, in the fall 2002 semester as it did in 1997. Full-time entendre-track faculty were up, however, from 486 in 1997 to 735 in 2002. And part-time ranks declined from 942 to 824 during that same period. One reason for the entendre-track faculty trend is budgetary. In many cases, its cheaper to hire nutcrackers instructors.Another reason is the opening of clinical ranks beyond the health fields. Within the last decade, disciplines such as business, education, and even the arts and humanities eve begun to assign clinical tags to some appointments. But perhaps the main reason for the trend at II is a 2001 policy recommended by the University Faculty Council and adopted by Ilks trustees. The policy aimed to consolidate part-time positions to full-time posts, with responsibility for larger teaching loads and service work.Tenure-track faculty: In this article, the term includes all faculty who have tenure or are what the university calls tenure-probationary, which means they will be evaluated for tenure after a certain number of years on the job. Tenure-track faculty are categorized as professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Their primary responsibilities include teaching, research, and service. Librarians also have tenure-track appointments. Responsibilities Of tenure-track librarians include library work, research, and service. Entendre-track faculty: Categories include clinical faculty and lecturers, as well as acting, visiting, and adjunct appointments. Clinical and lecturer appointments are full time. As entendre-track faculty, they are evaluated only on teaching and service. Clinical faculty: The primary duties of clinical faculty are to teach students and residents or fellows and to provide or supervise professional activities. Lecturer: Primary duties are teaching and activities and service that support teaching.Appointments are full time and on a continuing basis (three- to five year contracts). Acting, adjunct, and visiting faculty: These terms may modify titles in any appointment classification, but constitute a distinct neutered appointment classification. Acting appointment: Indicates a temporary appointment with the understanding that when a specified condition is met (for example, when a degree is completed), the appointee will receive a regular appointment. Acting appointments may not continue for longer than two years, except in special circumstances.Adjunct faculty: Whether compensated or volunteer, an adjunct faculty member has a career primarily in another position or employment. Appointments are part time and renewable annually, as needed. Adjuncts usually contribute specialized teaching or service. Visiting appointment: Temporary appointments may continue for no longer Han two years, except under special circumstances. Visiting appointees are required to have the qualifications appropriate to the classification. These are often short-term, fill-in appointments (e. G replacements for faculty on leave).Part-time faculty: This is no longer an appointment classification. Since 2001, it is a descriptive term indicating that the appointee is in less than a full-time equivalent position. Some part-time faculty appointed prior to 2001 still carry professorial titles but remain ineligible for tenure. We felt that full-time occult, even if they are not tenure-track, could give counseling time and have office hours more readily than an adjunct, who is probably employed in some other capacity, says Fred Shoehorn, BBS52, SODS, president of the board of trustees.

The Dairy Of Lady Murasaki Essays - The Tale Of Genji, Fujiwara Clan

The Dairy of Lady Murasaki Early in history, the male gender has been the dominant force. The male aristocracies has been responsible for producing the writing, arts, and architecture, "which is traditionally consider to be humanity's historical legacy." However, the "silence voice" will not remain silent, because historians have sought them out. Due to the fact, historians have sought the "silence voice" we have been able to learn more about women history. One way they made it possible for us to learn about it is by writing books such as The Dairy of Lady Murasaki. The Dairy of Lady Murasaki is a paramount historical document that marks one of the major turning points in women's history. The book has great insights into the 11th century of women experiences at the court of the Japanese emperor. This is significant because during the height of the Heian Period (794-1192), which Lady Murasaki lived, Japanese had no writing system of their own. Also, it was considered improper for a woman to know how to write Chinese, the writing system Japanese used then. Men were not happy. They wanted to "keep the language of bureaucracy in male's hands." This however, did not stop the women of Japan from striving for success. Women went on and developed the written Japanese language. This was the first attempt woman made in Japanese history, and in their quest to become the "sound voices" instead of the "silence voice." One can compare these women to the famous black man Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass had to struggle to learn to read because his slave master did not want him to. Nevertheless, we saw that the more they tried to prevent him from learning, the more he strove for success, just as these women. The Japanese Women did not stop after the development of the written Japanese language. They went on to write poems, prose, and dairies, thus proving to the males that they are capable of writing; also that no one could hold them back from reaching success. Lady Murasaki was one of these women that strove for success. She was the Empress companion and tutor. She had knowledge and court values that she inherited from her father. Due to this she was able to handle her position very well. Though she held her position well, as a consequence of her gender her experience of the court life was different from those of males. She couldn't discuss what she knew about what was going on in the court because of fear of being known as a gossip. We see this when she states, "now if I go and describing for you in this manner, I am sure I will get the reputation for being a gossip, especially if it concerns those close to me. It is so difficult to discuss people I meet every day and I should avoid commenting on anyone about whom I have second thoughts." One can say she feels this way because women were mainly known for gossiping and nothing else in those days. She wanted to know for more then just that. That's why even though Lady Murasaki knew what alm ost everything that was taking place in the court, she kept it between her and her dairy. As one sees, religion is not something that Lady Murasaki paid much attention to. She did not see Shinto and Buddhism as "being traditions in any way commensurate." Her reason for that was Buddhism entered the Japanese court system the merging Indian and Chinese religion was considered unoriginal. There are however many types of Buddhism and ritual side we see in her dairy. "Murasaki herself must have been well aware that Buddhist rituals she saw at court and the path of salvation through the worship of Amida were a root connected." Amidism has "provided the major source of personal solace for these women." Shinto was not an actual system in any sense. It was rather the practice of certain rituals connected with fertility, avoidance of pollution, and pacification of the spirits of myriad gods. Therefore, it was not linked to matters of private concerns. In essence, I accept that such a thing, as "fundamentally gendered experience of history" exists. After reading the diary,

Dead Poet Society essays

Dead Poet Society essays "The Dead Poets Society" is a movie about a group of kids. The conflict, characters, plot and theme are very interesting. So now I am going to tell you a little about it. In this movie there were many different points of conflict. One major conflict was with Knox and his father. Knoxs father wanted to choose Knoxs future for him. He told him everything he should do and shouldnt. He wouldnt let Knox be in a play. Knox participated in it anyway. His father showed up and saw Knox in the play. Knox got in trouble. His father was going to take him put of Welting. Knox got so put out with it that he shot himself. Another point of conflict was with Mr. Keating and the school of welting. The school blamed Mr. Keating for Knoxs death. Some of the students were with the school and some of them were against. The characters in "The Dead Poets Society" were very unique. Mr Keating was a very round character. He has a very unique way of teaching the class about poetry. Mr. Keating had went to the same school he is teaching in now. Knox was flat. He had problems with his dad. Todd was flat. He was on Mr. Keatings side when the school tried to fire him. Cameron was dynamic. He went with the crowd. If a group of kids did one thing then he would follow right behind. The plot in the story is rather interesting. The exposition is simple. A group of students have a English teacher who is very creative in the way he teaches. One of the students finds out about a group that Mr. Keating was in when he went to the school. Him and his friends decide that they would start it again. The rising action is when the kids start to have the meetings. The students get a little more crazy than the have been before. The climax is when Knox shots himself. Everything falls apart after that. The kids start to get in arguments, Mr. Keating is blamed for his death, and the school board is very angry. The falling action ...

Assignment #2 - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

#2 - Case Study - Assignment Example army to caused skin burns and still births. Yes that is right; it was Dow that was actually responsible for â€Å"the Silent Spring†. Further, the company also owns the manufacturing unit that resulted in greatest industrial failure in the history, which lead to the death toll of over three thousand Indians in Bhopal; and it also left several unwanted problems for the next generations. One of the recent events that involved Dow Chemicals was discharge of industrial effluents into the air and water supplies in the vicinity of the company’s Midland complex in Michigan. Dow was held liable for violating Clean Air Act rules, and for disobeying the Clean Water Act. Further, the government also held the company for releasing harmful chemicals into the environment without a permit. The issue was brought to the considerations during 2006-07; however, after several delays and trials, the company agreed to pay $ 2.5 million in 2011, for the sake of compensation. In 2010 the annu al release of toxic compounds by Dow’s Midland facility was 275,912 pounds. According to an environmentalist based at the Michigan State University, the company earned a profit of $ 6.2 billion during the time while the production facility was discharging contaminants without permission (Weiss, 2008). The stakeholders include the people living in the vicinity of the production houses, the state that has allowed the company to operate, general public, media, the employees at Dow, and the Dow Chemical Company. People living close to these production houses are directly exposed to the harmful chemicals that released by these industrial units into the environment. These contaminants can have lethal effects on the population residing in the suburbs. In case of the recent activities, the major subjects under the exposure of contaminants were the residents of Midland, Michigan (Weiss, 2008). The side effects of these contaminants can be direct or indirect. The second stakeholder in

Visual Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example This essay focuses on analyzing visual documents, including pictures and diagrams that usually communicate or relay their messages using images and text-image interactions. Authors, photographers or artists of visual documents think no differently. The researcher states that designers are always involved in different and several practices that include taking photographs, making websites, and laying pamphlets. They usually take good care and ensure that their work does not lack the important and crucial visual appealing, as well as, the rhetorical effectiveness. This essay looks into succinct analysis of the photo provided using the various and common aspects of photo analysis. These aspects include color and color ratio, photo subject and its positioning, lighting, camera angle, and the photo framing. In conclusion, the researcher states that it is true that the author of the photo had immense creativity when he came up with the photo. His mission was to ensure that his message is pa ssed in a pictorial manner. Finally, the photo can also serve as a representation of any society in the world. They are the majority, and are responsible for the choice of leadership, as well as, their decisions. The leaders are represented by the bricked section of the wall. It is smallest, but that is just okay for them. They misuse their leadership power interfering with the common person. Reaction against them from the common person always make them fail. Generally, the picture is a representation of a non-ideal society.

CDC children observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CDC children observation - Assignment Example The second child is Kate, a girl aged 3 years. She is also an active child. Her favorite activity is playing with dolls. As noted the boy is very keen on detail. He plays with his toy car alone at a corner of the playfield. He does not interact with other kids except in situations when they come to him. He seems friendly whenever another child spoke to him. However, he concentrates on the playing with his toy car. At one occasion, he seems to observe something unusual with one of the wheels. He takes up a screwdriver and tries to untighten the screw so that he can remove the wheel. However, he is unable to do it. He seeks help from the caretaker who quickly untightens the screw for him. The boy seems convinced that the wheel has a problem. He looks carefully all around. He notices each detail and observes that the plastic when is cracked. He does not replace the when since there seems to be no replacement. He takes his toy car to the store. I also observed the girl several times. She seemed to enjoy the company of other children. In fact, I did not see her alone at any time. She was always with friends. The girl loves dolls and has several of them. She takes motherly care for them. I observed her trying to feed one of the dolls, soothed it and also lay it to sleep. Along with other girls, she tries to talk to them, assuming that they can hear. She is also quick to cry whenever she is offended by one of her friends. The toys that children use in the center are gender specific. For example, boys are seen to be playing with toy cars. The toy cars are characteristic of male children and are thus male gendered. However, there are also a small number of girls attracted to toy cars. On the other hand, girls are interested in playing mother roles. All of the girls have dolls. Also, I did not see any boy with a doll. Children at the center are always quarreling over toys and playing space. The staff members try to resolve all the

Channels of Communication Essay Example for Free

Channels of Communication Essay Write when you want to: †¢Make sure there are no misunderstandings †¢Have constant reference to subject matter Writing is effective in communicating with any audience that is capable of reading and comprehending your compositions. If the person ever has a question regarding the subject, they can always refer to what is written. Make a presentation when you want to: †¢Give a more detailed description †¢Command the attention of an audience When making a presentation or presenting material to an audience, it is possible to give someone who may not fully understand your message solely from reading, a more broad perspective of the matter. Speak with an individual when you want to: †¢Earn a higher level respect and confidence from that individual †¢Create an atmosphere of mutual trust For myself, speaking with someone individually, is very effective in the sense of having one on one communication with that person ensures that there are little to no distractions.

Democracy Or Oligarchy? A Comparative Essay :: essays research papers

During the Classical Age of Greece, two powerful city-states emerged, each governed by a different system. Athens was run by democracy, whereas, Sparta, a military state, was governed by oligarchy. Athens' democracy served its people better. Since all had a say in the government and everyone was included in a state was ruled by many. In Sparta, the state was controlled by a select few, kings and ephors, who had absolute power. In Athens plenty of time was spent on architecture, to ensure that Athens would forever leave behind a cultural legacy, whereas in Sparta it was believed that there was no need to build extravagant buildings, therefore leaving very little of a cultural legacy. Finally, Athenian slaves were treated very well, often paid, and had a chance to buy their freedom, unlike Sparta, where slaves were treated as though they were not people, and could be killed for any reason at all. In Sparta slaves lead cruel lives. The number of slaves in Sparta outnumbered the amount of citizens, making Spartans constantly paranoid of a helot revolt. In order to prevent this fear, "the ephors declared war on them every year. In spite of these precautions, the Spartans frequently had to suppress helot revolts"(Davis 90). The Spartans felt this was an efficient way to keep the numbers of slaves down, and to further subdue the slaves hopes of one day being free. Since slaves were treated horribly by the Spartans they were constantly trying to escape. In Sparta a slave could be killed simply because of being suspicion of that slave being a rebel or planning to escape. In Athens most slaves were loved, respected, and often paid for their labours. They were given the opportunity to pay for their freedom. Unlike Sparta, slaves in Athens were "protected from bodliy harm by legislation"(Davis 94). Slaves were much more happy in Athens since they were not const antly in fear for their lives. In Athens slaves also had several opportunities for normal jobs, for example, a slave could be an artistan. Slaves in Athens, "often worked alongside citizens and metics in both unskilled and highly skilled jobs"(Davis 95). On the most part, slaves in Athens were happy and content, however one-fifth of the slave population was forced to live and work in the silver mines. Since slaves in Athens received better treatment and the ability for them to have jobs other than normal labours, slaves had a better life than the slaves of Sparta.

History Of Australia Essay

On January 1, 1901, the people of Australia had a date with destiny. They kept it, despite all odds. The struggle to free ourselves from the past, the struggle to unite for a better future is as natural to humankind as breathing. Both are vital, if life must go on. For Australians too, the struggle that led to the triumph of destiny was not an easy one. The path that led to the federation of colonies was peppered with obstacles. But it is a proven fact that all you need to succeed is a single idea, a few good men or women and loads of hard work. This essay will open a window to the past and trace the road to federation and the birth of a nation. To begin at the beginning, the exodus from Africa began around 60,000 years ago, and following the southern coastline of Asia, the first early travelers crossed about 250 kilometers [155 miles] of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. The Aborigines of Australia, are the descendants of the first wave of migration out of Africa. 1 The story may have begun there but there is a great deal to follow. European nations were interested in discovering the Great South Land. The first recorded European contact with Australia was in March 1606, when Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon (c. 1570 – 1630) charted the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Over the next two centuries, European explorers and traders continued to chart the coastline of Australia, then known as New Holland. In 1688, William Dampier became the first British explorer to land on the Australian coast. It was not until 1770 that another Englishman, Captain James Cook, aboard the Endeavour, extended a scientific voyage to the South Pacific in order to further chart the east coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown. 2 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 2 Australia was invaded by a naval power, its first colonial culture of authority was maritime, whaling and sealing were the colony’s earliest productive industries, and it took settlers a quarter of a century to cross the first land barrier, the Blue Mountains that hemmed in Sydney. Colonial settlements hugged the coast and were connected to one another by the ocean rather than the land, like islands in an archipelago. 3 The proposals for the use of the continent had a history almost as long, though by no means so distinguished as that of its discovery. Some saw it as a land of the Holy Spirit; some saw it as a land fit only for the refuse of society . 4 Following the lost war (American War of Independence), Britain moved to reorganize its remaining overseas empire and decided to settle Australia with convicts. Convicts provided an ideal source of human capital for such ventures, and all European colonizing nations used convicts overseas. The penal establishment for incorrigibles at Macquarie Harbour on the west coast of Tasmania is famous. The name Harbour is associated exclusively with remembrance of inexpressible depravity, degradation and woe. The convicts called this the Hell’s Gate. 5 By the 1880s, New South Wales had come a long way away from its beginnings as a convict settlement and was ruled by a British-appointed Governor supported by military force. Transportation of convicts had ended forty years before; a system of elected, responsible government had developed where virtually all adult males had the right to a secret ballot – a situation which made the colony one of the most democratic places on earth. Pastoral development, then the gold rushes had led to great economic development; working people were better off here than almost anywhere else – at that time the colonies were called a â€Å"working man’s paradise†. 6 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 3 The other five Australian colonies were developing in similar ways, with systems of government modelled originally on NSW – the â€Å"mother colony†. There had been many proposals calling for the bringing together of the separate Australian colonies into a single nation. The first intercolonial conference met in Melbourne in 1863 to discuss uniform customs, trade and tariff duties. But each continued to go their separate ways on these issues. Some colonies chose to protect their industries with tariffs, others preferred free trade. There were customs posts on colonial borders and duties had to be paid on goods â€Å"imported† from one colony to another. As well, the various colonies built their railways with different gauges, so that trains could not cross borders. These problems kept the colonies divided. Despite the problems there were strong reasons supporting some form of federation. The colonies were mainly Anglo-Celtic in culture, institutions and outlook: there was little difference between them. Major-General Edwards’ 1888 defence report showed that adequate defence of the continent would be impossible without combining the different colonies’ forces. There was much concern about the activities of other nations in the Pacific, particularly Germany which had colonised New Guinea. Communications issues – the railway gauge problem, the new electric telegraphs spanning the continent, postal services, currency – were forcing the colonies to come to some common agreements. The trade and customs issues caused inconvenience and expense to trade and commerce. Most of the colonies were also concerned about immigration, particularly of non-Europeans, and could see the advantages of a common policy. Federation offered a way of solving these problems. 7 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 4 But the Australian colonies had always been individualists. Their origins were diverse, their capitals were widely separated from one another, and the outlook of their people, we may as well acknowledge it at once, was parochial in the extreme. Attempts to introduce local government bodies were long resisted. Local government could have been a first step towards union or federation, but the wish to federate grew slowly. As early as 1847, Earl Grey, at that time Secretary of State for the Colonies, suggested federation. To his impartial gaze it must have seemed foolish and wasteful that six colonies, all following the same course of development, all with similar interests, should not combine for the better regulation of mutual interests. From the Australian point of view it would mean greater efficiency and economy. 8 Between 1823 and 1842 the British crown colony, the New South Wales was administered by the Governor in combination with a Legislative Council which met behind closed doors and whose proceedings were not reported by the press, a pattern similar to the other six colonies. The New South Wales Legislative Council is often referred to as the â€Å"squatters council†, reflecting the influence that squatters, as the most significant wealth producers and land-holders, had on the political process. 9 The squatters were thus in a strong position which they were unlikely to surrender. They had borne the burden and heat of the day and thought of the land as their own and their children’s by right of pioneering. As it was, the tense political atmosphere made compromise more difficult each year as the clamour to â€Å"unlock the land† grew and the squatters became intransigent. As a result the land Acts of the early sixties were declarations of war for the possession of the Crown lands — the reformers never doubting that the victory would go to â€Å"the people†. 10 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 5 The post-1850s in New South Wales marked a shift in political power from country to town. The extension of suffrage and other democratic reforms weakened the political hegemony exercised by squatters. However, during the same period, their general economic prosperity increased as a result of increases in prices for wool, the weight of fleeces and a reduction in the use of farm labour. The absence of significant wealth independent of agriculture ensured pastoralists’ interests prevailed despite reform of electoral and legislative processes. As the number of free settlers increased they, too, became politically active. By the beginning of the 1880s the factions that had previously characterised the New South Wales Legislative Assembly were crumbling. A worsening economic crisis catalysed social tensions that favourable economic conditions had largely obscured. As the environment within which primary producers operated increased in complexity –due to technological innovation, changes in marketing arrangements, government legislation and economic conditions — producers started to experiment with diverse forms of organisation. The period between 1875 and 1900 was a turning point in the political organisation of primary producers. It was through local groups that primary producers came to be aware of transport, trading, banking and tariff issues. Importantly, they became aware that most primary producers were enduring similar experiences and perceived similar threats. This was instrumental in forming a collective identity which addressed â€Å"the absence of tradition and the weakness of shared values† that were â€Å"characteristic of earlier colonial times†. The most commonly cited catalyst for the political organisation of farmers was the shearers’ strikes of the 1890s. 11 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 6 Transition went on long after 1880. The next twenty years brought many new experiments, some reckless and ill-considered, others designed to give more equal opportunity. The new changes aimed at correcting old mistakes and strengthening the promise of a southern utopia; but in spite of common aims and closer links, the colonies still cherished their separate policies. The penalties of rivalry only became irksome when isolation within and from outside seemed to threaten the continent’s welfare. Reluctantly the colonies agreed to yield some of their jealously guarded rights. In this great readjustment ‘the indissoluble Federal Commonwealth’ came into being, more through necessity than in faith. 12 There were more reasons why the federation became a necessity. While the fundamental successes of the trade union movement in the colonies in gaining a reasonable standard of living for its members should be acknowledged, they were limited. At best, male workers in full-time unionised jobs were able to live on their wages. It must be stressed that a ‘decent living wage’ was not achieved for casual workers, for non-union workers in permanent part-time jobs or for women. Coghlan’s reports showed that before the 1890s there had been seasonal and local fluctuations in the availability of work (and consequently income), some on quite a large scale. Therefore the â€Å"workers paradise† did not hold good at times. For example in 1866 the Mayor of Sydney declared that ‘the poverty was so great that he thought of relieving people with flour, meat, etc. ‘ As the year went on the distress increased . . . the lamentable spectacle might be seen everywhere of able-bodied men tramping about the country in a vain search for work. 13 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA Page # 7 The 1883 rural drought across Eastern Australia led to a general lowering of wages and to unemployment. Employment was so scarce that in April 1884 meetings of the unemployed were held in Sydney every day. Between 1885 and 1887 there were sufficient numbers of unemployed for the government regularly to provide relief work, including road-making and scrub-cutting. Sydney seemed to suffer particularly, in that people displaced in other parts of the colony would join the ranks of the unemployed in the city. Such people included the miners from the Illawarra who had fought a hopeless battle throughout 1886 against reduced employment and reduced wages. In 1887 there was so much unemployment that it was impossible to maintain even the nominal rates of wages of many trades, such as tinsmiths, brick makers, coachbuilders, brass and copper workers. 14

History of the Great Wall of China

Introduction I foremost went to China last twelvemonth to analyze for a semester.The feeling I had when I arrived at that place, was something that can non be explained in words.I felt frightened because I was so little in such a large city.Day by twenty-four hours, I started to experience much more comfy, to go more familiar with the topographic points, the people and even with Chinese food.Back so, I did non recognize what this experience would intend to me. After analyzing a semester in a metropolis near Shanghai, I decided to travel to see Beijing, the great capital of China. There, I had the chance to see the Great Wall and I was impressed by its enormousness, hence my ground for taking this subject for my concluding paper. Known as the â€Å"7th admiration of the universeâ€Å" , the Great Wall, which stretches for over Chinese district of more than 7000 kilometres, is the largest edifice of the ancient military defence and it took longer to construct. This colossal wall began to lift in the ninth century. The people who dominated the cardinal fields, for illustration, the center and lower basin of the Yellow River, decided to support themselves from the onslaughts of the northern small town with a wall that joined the walls, the beacons and palaces located along the boundary line and from which they could watch the motions of the enemy. In the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States, between 700 and 221 BC, the feudal Godheads lived locked in eternal wars to accomplish hegemony. The most powerful Godheads defended each other with walls that rose landforms advantage of boundary line countries. After 221 BC, when Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified China, the bing walls were linked. The formidable defensive barrier therefore formed, traversing the mountains of the northern boundary line, served to drive the onslaughts of the mobile cultural groups mounted on horseback, from the Mongolian steppes. At that clip, the length of the Great Wall was good over 5000 stat mis. The Han Dynasty, replacement to the Qin, was lengthened to more than 10 1000 kilometres. Over the following 2000 old ages, the entire length of the different subdivisions of the Great Wall reached more than 50 1000 kilometres, plenty to circle the Earth length. Today when we talk about the Great Wall, we frequently refer to the constructed during the Ming Dynasty ( 1368-1644 ) .It starts at the Jiayu Pass in western Gansu Province, through 9 states, municipalities and independent parts, and ends on the Bankss of Yalu River in the northeasterly state of Liaoning. Its length is 7,300 kilometres, or 14 thousand Li, hence besides known as the Great Wall of 10,000 Li. The wall, built with immense bricks, masonry, crushed rock and loess, has a tallness of about 10 metres. The breadth of the top between 4 and 5 metres, leting the coincident measure 4 equestrians and therefore facilitated the motion of combat units such as the conveyance of grain and arms. Inside the walls were stepss and corridors taking to the doors. The wall was punctuated by towers that were used to hive away arms and cereal for the remainder of the soldiers and as a safety in clip of war. It is besides used as beacons to warn of the presence of enemy fire or fume signals. Of class, today the Great Wall no longer meets any military map. But its arresting architecture has won and continues to win the bosom of many people. The beauty of the Great Wall is manifested in its stateliness, its strength, its illustriousness and its naturalness. Seen from a distance, the high wall extends along the ridges of mountain ranges clearly following the silhouette of a elephantine winging firedrake, shut up position, the powerful entreaty of your fabulous study, formed by enforcing stairss, walls that appear to travel in sensed zigzag and steep ups and platforms.In one word, a comeliness. To the historical and cultural value of the Great Wall we can add besides the touristry value. The Chinese frequently say: â€Å"He who has non climbed the Great Wall is non a existent individual. † Tourists, whether Chinese or aliens, are proud to hold gone to the Great Wall. The many caputs of province and authorities who have visited China are no exclusion. Several well-preserved subdivisions have become points of tourer involvement, which every twelvemonth attracts 1000s of visitants. Among the best known include Badaling Pass, Platform Shimatai, Mutianyu, Shanhaiguan Pass, besides known as First Measure of China, and Jiayuguan Pass, the western terminal of the Great Wall. The Great Wall of China is an internationally recognizable icon and is a permeant metaphor used to specify modern China’s national character, political attitude. Is a set of monumental semisynthetic constructions that has stood the trial of clip, much like the centuries’ old Chinese civilization. It has besides come to incarnate the rich history of the Chinese people, declarative mood of their strength and ability as a state. This Wall has come to stand for quintessential Chinese attributes in modern-day society and it is cardinal to how China defines itself. However, there is no individual ‘Great Wall’ . It is a set of walls, as I said before, built periodically over 1000s of old ages by different dynasties for changing intents. The Great Wall, crystallisation of wisdom, difficult work, blood and perspiration of 1000000s of workers in ancient China, has worthily survived over a thousand old ages of vicissitudes. Her ageless Martial and timeless entreaty have become a symbol of the spirit of the Chinese state. Since 1987, the Great Wall is considered a universe heritage. Chapter one The history of The Great Wall Year of building The history of the Great Wall began in 221 BC during the Qin dynasty when were foremost built 5,000 stat mis in two phases from four to six old ages ( 214-210 B.C ) . During the 2nd phase, the wall was built along the Yellow and the Tao River, at the same time being built 44 metropoliss and established 44 administrative units.The population brought in these metropoliss had provided the care and the enlargement of the wall.During the Han Dynasty, its length reached 10,000 kilometers.Only few subdivisions of the impressive building of Han Dynasty had been kept until today.The new subdivision of the Great Wall dates from the Ming Dynasty, and in 270 old ages, the emperors opened 50 topographic points in which people had the chance to work.The wall, during the Ming Dynasty, crossed nine states and independent parts by mensurating 8851.8 kilometer and holding the best proficient and military qualities. From the full length over 6,000 stat mis were built by Ming emperor’s people. Types of wall building To construct, , the 7th admiration of the world’’ , the Chinese have used five types of wall building. The first 1 was rammed Earth, an old building technique, used in the loess tableland from Datong to Jiayuguan and in Inner Mongolia. In kernel, the rammed Earth was prevailing.Other types used were adobe, rock, brick and drop. It is said that a fifth of China ‘s population at some point participated in its building. It is besides said that the Great Wall of China is the largest graveyard in the universe, because during its building more than 10 million workers died and were buried at that place. If were taken all the bricks that were used to construct the Great Wall of China during the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese could construct a high wall that can give five bends to Earth. The chief trouble was that, to accomplish a strategic advantage, they had to took advantage of the terrain ( bring forthing accidents ) , and in the tops of the mountains were localized munitions that could keep a good surveillance of the land, and at that place was where soldiers lived and where they had commissariats and armaments. The stuffs they used were different and depended on what could be used in each country they built. The Qin and Han was built chiefly with dirt, clay, reeds, wood and rocks. The Ming, 15 centuries subsequently, used clay bricks and carven rocks. In some subdivisions of the Wall, to attest the quality of the bricks, each maker imprinted his seal on them, and the day of the month of bringing. Rock pavers were cut and shipped from distant preies, some of them came to weigh a ton and were up to 3 metres. The Ming built in two phases: foremost raised two walls and so the infinite between them was filled. The base was wider than the top. Then were built garrisons and crenelations where guns were placed. To forestall eroding by rain, a whole drainage system was devised. The boring work, the hapless diet, the whether, and the enemies that continually kept coming, affected the workers. It is estimated that Ming took advantage of 100 workers. The nomads attacked and broke the defences in many parts of the Wall, but he had already fulfilled the undertaking of directing the dismay to the topographic point where the ground forces was placed. They had a system of fume signals in detailing the onslaught and how many enemies were destroyed. Later, the Ming, in add-on to smoke signals, had used a codification for guns to give the dismay. The wall has a tallness between seven and 10 metres. Its base steps about seven metres and six upper manus. The floors were paved utilizing a mixture of rock and howitzer, supported by tree short pantss rollers arranged in several beds. At regular intervals terraced towers were built and this thing allowed the guards made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ optical signals which offered them a great communicating that stretched for stat mis. A wall is interrupted at some points so they can hold defence points, to which the soldiers could withdraw if necessary. Each tower has alone and hard stepss to entree in order to confound the enemy. The barracks and administrative centres were located at greater distances. In add-on to its defensive map, the Great Wall played an instrumental function as a mean of communicating and commercialism opening the doors of China to the Western universe.The celebrated â€Å" Silk Road â€Å" passed trough China, and merchandisers from the Persian Gulf and the Eastern Mediterranean who traveled to the E could non make their finishs without traveling through the wall. The stuffs used are those available around the edifice. Near Beijing was used limestone and was besides used granite or fired brick.That made the wall really immune to impacts of siege arms. Defense The Great Wall is non merely a wall, but a defense mechanism system that integrated assorted walls, watchtowers and towers of fire for describing under the control of military degrees defined. For illustration, under the Ming, there were nine subdivisions of different military duties that are described as, ,Nine critical defense mechanisms in the borders’’ . It was assigned a commanding officer, describing straight to the National Ministry of Defence. About one million military personnels were deployed along the Great Wall to continue the state. During 2,000 old ages of building of the wall, the Chinese people learned a batch about defense mechanisms ( harmonisation with the topography and location of military forces, edifice stuffs, etc. ) The format of the walls varied depending on the topography and defense mechanism demands. In the strategic transitions, the walls were really high and solid, although they were low and narrow in high and steep mountains to cut down t he costs in money and labour. In some topographic points like Juyongguan or the Badaling subdivision, general regulation, the walls have seven to eight metres in tallness, four to five metres thick at the top and six to seven meters down. Inside the upper portion, there is a parapet of a meter barrier which prevented the soldiers fall, niches two meters high, every bit good as holes for pull or throw stones. In the strategic subdivisions, the upper portion is blocked by a series of cross walls to forestall the enemy to mount. During the dynasty of the Ming, General Qi Jiguang, celebrated for get the better ofing Nipponese plagiarists, improved the defence of the wall system, by adding towers, watchtower and the warehouses for arms and weaponry. Base on ballss are defensive strategic points throughout the wall.Fire coverage towers constituted one of the indispensable constituents of the defence system and an effectual agencies of conveying military information. During the Ming, sound s of detonation were added to heighten the consequence. As a defense mechanism system, the Great Wall crosses mountains, comeuppances and prairies, drops and rivers and harmonizes its construction to the complexness of the topography. It is a wonder of ancient architecture. The wall remained standing, so, for a long clip. Under the great Han dynasty became a great topographic point for the conflicts against the Huns, China utilizing projectiles countless ground forcess. During the following dynasty, the Chinese generals seized the immense wall as a base from which to come on in Hun Mongol heartland in Central Asia. That was the great migration of Germanic peoples. The building whose being had produced such effects spread over continents, merely partly protected China, and from its diminution in the 13th century was less protected. When in 1368 succumbed the Mongol dynasty in China under force per unit area from the Chinese reserves and riders steppe retreated to Central Asia, one of the first tasks the new Ming dynasty ( 1348-1644 ) aimed strictly Chinese, was the Reconstruction of the enforcing wall.

Behaviors and Processes team leadership project and time management essays

Behaviors and Processes team leadership project and time management essays It is often asserted that life is a journey, not a destination. In other words, the process of learning as a group is often more instructive than a review of an individual or even a collective final product. One of the most instructive aspects of working as a team is the ability to observe and critically evaluate different time management strategies over the course of the learning process. To do so is particularly critical in the world of business, particularly businesses the embrace individuals from a For instance, different cultural contexts have different approaches towards time and time management. It has been anecdotally as well as anthropologically observed that some cultures (such as France and Italy) have a very diffuse attitude towards punctuality, where one's individual relational and immediate social contextual needs often surmount the desire to meet specific time goals. Thus,"10am' can mean anytime from 9:45 to 10:30. Other, more punctual cultures, such as our own are much more focused on the goal of meeting at specific hours. One recent immigrant to America commented "the Yellow Pages were something brand new for me when I first arrived in the U.S. I still had the habit of going to a store only to find out that it didn't have what I needed. My wife used to ask, Didn't you call before going there'' The notion of calling ahead of time requires planning and a future orientation, where my upbringing was in a present- Even within the U.S., of course, Northeasterners are supposed to be much more obsessed with meeting specific time limits and conforming to specific strictures than those from the West Coast and South. Even within our own team variations in temporal attitudes were observed. Peak and valley performance and times This does not mean that one attitude towards time management is ...

Service Sector Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Sector Marketing - Assignment Example This definition can be linked to the activities of Leith Agency. A similar definition was offered by Collins and Payne (1991) when the researchers stated that "services are any primary or complementary activity that does not directly. Produce a physical product - that is, the non-goods part of the transaction between customer and provider". This paper therefore, addresses four important questions within the service marketing literature focusing on the case Leith Agency. The traditional marketing mix originated from the marketing of goods for consumer markets and consists of the well known 4P's: Price, Promotion, Place, and Product. The marketing mix approach has been criticized for being incomplete, because it does not bear in mind customer-needs and it industrial marketing (Bitner, 1995, Gronroos, 1990; Gummesson, 1997). Judd (1997) proposes the fifth element as People and takes thereby the human resource factor into account. Booms and Bitner (1981) on their part created 7P's by adding Participants, Physical Evidence, and Process to the original 4P's. The first P-The product refers to as the service and satisfaction offered by Leith Agency to their customers. Here these are the various forms of advertisement refered to as creative output they offer. The second P-The price of the service is the compensation they received in the form of a fee or 15% commission while the place is the office location were exchange takes place. At Leith Agency, the Edinburgh and London offices are the place. The fourth element refers to as Promotion. At Leith Agency, they use both above the line and below the line strategies. Corporate brand building through sponsors. Here the marketing budget are kept at a minimum In the marketing mix literature, the last three elements were added to take care of the service dimension of the product service mix continuum. No wonder, many commentators have refered to the additional three Ps as the Service Ps. This position was supported by Payne & Clark (1995) who proposed one minor modification which leads to their expanded marketing mix for services. Figure 1The 7P's Model Source: Payne and Clark, 1995 Delivering services is characterized by processes. This is actually due to the in-separation of production and consumption of services. Processes are the functional attributes of services which refers to how services are delivered. On the other hand, the service product is the technical quality, and refers to what is delivered. At Leith Agency, this will be the different advertisement options they offer their client, while the processes will be the different media through which the adverts get to the customers. That is the tasks, customers interaction, etc. The consideration of processes in the service marketing mix is justified and crucial to Leith Agency because it includes procedures, tasks, activities and operations which are of importance for the interaction between the service provider (Leith Agency)

Week 3Hand-in Assignment -3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Week 3Hand-in -3 - Assignment Example Hartsfield is the world’s busiest airport by passenger traffic and the Agency quickly recognized it had a big problem. In accordance with its redundancy procedures, the system was switched to its Salt Lake City, Utah facility. That was no doubt a bad mistake, for Salt Lake City was much smaller than Atlanta and not equipped to handle such immense traffic. It too crashed with in a short period of time and because of the airlines’ â€Å"hub and spoke† system the ripple effect was felt all up and down the East Coast. With the additional effect of bad weather, American had to cancel â€Å"40 or 50† flights and Southwest admitted forty per cent of its air traffic in the East was either cancelled or delayed. A spokesman for the Controllers said â€Å"the problem forced controllers to enter flight information manually†. Once again the old style Flight Progress Strips proved to be what saved the day (CBS 2009). Unfortunately for the FAA, Salt Lake City was the test bed for its new Next Gen computer system specifically the En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) computer, specially designed for the higher flying larger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and the Airbus 380, each of which can hold hundreds of passengers. ERAM, based upon Global Positioning System (GPS), was supposed to replace equipment using radar technology that has its roots in World War II, seventy years old. However, after the Atlanta fiasco, the newest computer system was put on hold for several years to come but Salt Lake will continue to provide testing material (Lowy 2010). Yet the system, however antiquated, seems to work quite well. In calendar year 2011, revenue passenger aircraft flew almost 567 million miles just domestically in the United States. That does not count thousands more military, cargo and private flights. Nor does it take into account at least that many more international air carriers arriving