Short Note on Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince Free Essays

The main inquiry that will go through your head is, what makes a decent ruler? That each ruler should want to be viewed as lenient and not crue. They state legitimate legislative issues will never get the vote. You may ponder, why? So as long as the ruler keeps his subjects joined together and steadfast, should not to mind the censure of pitilessness. We will compose a custom exposition test on Short Note on Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now â€Å"Any man who attempts to be acceptable all the time will undoubtedly come to ruin†¦ and figure out how not to be good†¦Ã¢â‚¬  You can’t be a hero, yet don’t commit the error of not seeming like one. To turn into a ruler talk about how you’ll change the economy and how the they’ll have more cash. Most associations are occupied with the nastiest claims and acquisitions. Individuals don’t comprehend the incredible distinction between how people in reality live and how they should live. We got through a great deal of understandings and conflicts with these explanations that were referenced in the article. Going to the possibility of savagery utilized great or gravely, the creator exhibits the manner in which cold-bloodedness is very much utilized may appear as poise. Cold-bloodedness can turn into a type of compassion when is utilized to reestablish arrange and bring together a state. Sparing the socialists from disruption and uncontrolled issue. Utilizing focused on pitilessness and disciplines is a demonstration of sympathy. A ruler must utilize dominance to push the limits among dread and contempt. They need to make sure about their state through the danger of power. Machiavelli guides rulers to depend on office, which they control rather than fortune and reality. We reached a resolution that it’s preferable to be dreaded over cherished in light of the fact that occasionally individuals exploit that. Machiavelli reviews people as thankless and unfaithful. At the point when you make them dread you, they realize you have the capacity and capacity to be a ruler. It is a lot more secure to be dreaded than cherished. He needed to show how to gain and keep up political force. What we don’t concur on with the creator, is that he states how legislative issues should simply lie and state what individuals need to hear without really taking care of the issue. Which is the thing that has happened now a days with our leaders. They tell the individuals how they’ll change low wages or attempt to convince the crowd with what they are relied upon to hear. However Machiavelli has some valid statement of perspectives in any event, when some aren’t. Instructions to refer to Short Note on Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, Papers

Free Essays on Kubla Khan

what's more, the expressions used to complete the sonnet in the wake of being upset by a representative from Porlock (3). The poem’s prelude gives Coleridge’s clarification of his purposes behind distributing the sonnet as a piece. Elisabeth Schneider states that, â€Å"The last eighteen lines are the poet’s clarification of his inability to finish the poem† (193). The last lin... Free Essays on Kubla Khan Free Essays on Kubla Khan The Search For An Understanding â€Å"Kubla Khan,† a sonnet by the English writer, pundit, and savant Samuel Coleridge, is believed to be founded on an opium-instigated dream. Coleridge as far as anyone knows arose from his medication impacted rest and started to make what was to turn into a notable piece. He was occupied; nonetheless, while writing down the lines he had as a top priority by a thump at his entryway. At the point when he came back to his work, he couldn't recollect the rest of his contemplations and had to make the end of the sonnet. The sonnet is melodious in tone, taking after a thoughtful sonnet or a tribute. Coleridge made â€Å"Kubla Khan† somewhere close to 1797-1798 during what is known as the Romantic time frame, yet didn't have it distributed until 1826 when his associate encouraged its distribution. Because of the opium Coleridge had supposedly been taking, pundits can't build up one genuine importance of the work. Much debate encompasses the â€Å"Kubla Khan† and the issues of its completeness; in any case, most pundits concur that despite the fact that it is composed as a part, the piece all in all is finished in importance. One broadly acknowledged investigation expresses that the â€Å"Kubla Khan† is just a part. It is realized that Coleridge never composed a piece that had any significant length with the exception of the â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† which could be interpreted as meaning that he couldn't finish a work. Coleridge himself at first captioned the sonnet â€Å"A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment,† which further instates the sonnet as being deficient (Mahony 2). There is a noteworthy distinction between the conjured up words and the expressions used to complete the sonnet subsequent to being upset by an agent from Porlock (3). The poem’s prelude gives Coleridge’s clarification of his purposes behind distributing the sonnet as a piece. Elisabeth Schneider states that, â€Å"The last eighteen lines are the poet’s clarification of his inability to finish the poem† (193). The last lin...

Studying International Security Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Studying International Security Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Nabila recently provided some great advice on choosing your concentration at SIPA.   When I applied, there was no question that I was going to concentrate in International Security Policy (ISP). I was leaving the Army and was interested in continuing to work in the national security space, so it was a natural fit. But I suspect many of you have a wider range of interests or are interested in potentially pivoting to a new career path, and in those cases it’s so important to get a feel for the curriculum and culture of each concentration so that you can find your best fit. I’m going to hopefully assist in that regard by giving you an overview of the ISP concentration and also dispel some pervasive myths and stereotypes. Doesn’t everyone in ISP have military or government experience? Will I fit in? The most common myth is that everyone in ISP is a veteran or someone who wants to follow a very defined path into the government. This couldn’t be further from the truth.  As Leon Trotsky noted, “You may not be interested in war, but war is interested in you.” Whatever your career aspirations, security issues affect every sector and understanding issues of war and peace is essential to anyone that desires to one day lead in government, international non-profits, or even private sector companies. I have friends in ISP that have backgrounds as Army Special Forces Officers, private sector consultants, paralegals, diplomats, and human rights workers. And as far as coursework, the concentration requires no prior academic training in international security or any particular professional background. For more on the diverse backgrounds of ISP concentrators, read this great blog post by ISP graduate Samantha Taylor. What career paths do ISP students pursue after SIPA? ISP students are prepared for a wide range of career paths in U.S. and foreign government agencies, intelligence, think tanks, defense analysis, cybersecurity, consulting, journalism, legislative staffs, and international organizations. For U.S. students, the majority of these positions are in Washington, D.C., but there are increasingly opportunities in New York City as well, especially in cybersecurity. What are the courses like? Almost all of your ISP courses will be small seminars of 10-20 students. Columbia offers more courses in security studies than all but a few other universities, and SIPA and the Political Science department (you can take graduate level Political Science courses while at SIPA) have numerous full-time faculty members focused on security issues.   During your two-year program, there will be approximately 30-40 ISP courses to choose from. The courses cover a wide variety of areas including intelligence, cybersecurity, defense analysis, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, terrorism, and regional issues, among others. You can view the entire curriculum here, but the best way to see what ISP courses are like is to experience one for yourself. This semester, ISP courses available for class visits include War, Peace, and Strategy; Methods of Defense Analysis; Contemporary Russian Security Policy (taught by the former Deputy Assistant Director of CIA for Europe and Eurasia); Intelligence and Wa r; and several others. Register for a class visit here! What extracurricular opportunities does ISP offer? The ISP concentration starts off the year with an annual fall retreat to a campground north of New York City. I went my first year, and it was a great way to meet classmates, second year students, and several professors. In the spring, the concentration usually takes one trip to DC or a military installation. Last year, the trip was a staff ride to Gettysburg and the U.S. Army War College led by Professor Stephen Biddle. There is also a spring crisis simulation held at SIPA and run by ISP students. Last year, students explored the conflict in Yemen in a realistic, one-day simulation. There are also an unending amount of incredible guest speakers that come to Columbia, and many of those of interest to ISP students are hosted by the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. Just in the past year, students have attended events with former Director of National Intelligence Jim Clapper, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, and former Deputy Secretary of State William Burns.

The United States And China - 1650 Words

The chairman has just requested that you relocate to Shanghai - or face losing your job at the company. Apparently, transferring activities to China provides the firm with the greatest chance to succeed. This in spite of the US branch’s ‘excellent performance’ over the past few months. As expected, you are visibly troubled and wish to relieve some tension for the time being. Unbeknownst to you, the stress ball that you reach for, the water bottle that you sip from and the cut-price pillow you lay your head on were all direct results of the ever so famous ‘Made in China’ Initiative. More and more Americans are becoming familiar with this type of scenario and in every case, the inconsistency underpinning their country’s connection with the†¦show more content†¦Concerning the high Chinese savings rate, several analysts hold the financial sector accountable, noting that the underdeveloped financial system has restricted access to external finance - forcing Chinese firms to internally fund any fixed asset investment with their own retained earnings. However, this is not the only factor attributed; according to Juann Hung and Rong Qian, undervaluation of the yuan also propped up the savings rate by making foreign products relatively more expensive and thereby thwarting import consumption (Hung and Qian, 2010). Despite these theories being the subject of much interest, it is the effect of the savings rate which is most important; China’s rising savings rate meant that a key symptom of its economic expansion during the early twentieth century wa s a significant rise in its quantity of savings. This, in the eyes of leading economists, prompted a situation where excessive savings were pursuing a limited number of investment intentions – commonly referred to as a glut of world savings in post-crisis analysis. Considering the Chinese central bank’s choice to purchase dollar denominated debt in and around the same time (to deliberately undervalue the yuan), it was inevitable that US Treasury yields would fall

The Social And Racial Inequalities - 761 Words

After watching the video, I realized that the reality is that the situation has not gotten better. In fact, I believe that it has gotten worse over time. Since the video was broadcasted eight years ago, there has been numerous attempts by local and federal government to close this gap and attempt to reduce the social inequalities that were mentioned. In the video, it was mentioned that the United States alone spends over $72 trillion a year in health care alone. Currently, that number has risen and it is estimated that the United States spends over 15% of its GDP on healthcare alone. This is higher than any other country in the world. Unfortunately, the spending and the overall health of its citizens is not positively correlated. The social and racial inequalities depicted and explained in depth by Dr. Kawachi seem to be the underlying cause of the many health issues that Americans face today and unfortunately, all these issues could be prevented with the efforts of not only society but by community leaders, businesses, and government. When looking at Orlando specifically, one can clearly see the social divide within each community. Although I am very new to this community, it does not take long to recognize such particular divide. For example, in communities that are known to have high crime rate, such as Pine Hills, there are a lot of fast food restaurants and convenience stores. This is somehow similar to what Dr. Kawachi mentioned in the video about every community hasShow MoreRelatedMinorities, Racial, And Social Inequality1966 Words   |  8 PagesThose who have a criminal history experience difficulty in finding a job and a home, which leads to homelessness if they fail to do so. African Americans are imprisoned at higher rates than other groups. Their place in education justifies are racial inequality because they have to be put into overcrowded and under-resourced school due to lack of many. This leads to fewer opportunities in the real world. In turn, minorities turn to drug dealing and being part of g angs to uphold their families. â€Å"DesperateRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Racial Inequality1872 Words   |  8 Pagesdedicated to describing the social disorganization theory and racial inequality, that are so often found in certain communities, but although there are serval studies done there seems to be very little data to support racial inequality. 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Most of these concepts are displayedRead MoreThe Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present1326 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begin equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia inRead MoreRace Relations And Social Inequality1610 Words   |  7 Pagesto discuss social inequality related to race relations. By comparing two articles â€Å"Ethno-Racial Attitudes and Social Inequality† and â€Å"What happens before? A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations† this paper will explore racial social injustices with the intent to showcase the thinking about race relations and social inequality. Points of Interest Racial inequality is a volatileRead MoreSocial Inequality Is An Important Issue In Today’S Society.1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Social inequality is an important issue in today’s society. Today, people face many inequalities based on their gender, race, religion, and disability status, yet there are many different ideologies and ongoing debate about social inequality. There are three perspectives concerning the issue of inequality in America. This paper will analyze an article about social inequality, â€Å"Gender, Race, and Income Gaps† by Richard Hogan and Carolyn Perrucci, and how it applies to the viewpoints concerningRead MoreWhy Race and Gender Inequality Still Exist1101 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies ago, but inequalities between gender and race continue to exist. To analyze why gender and racial inequalities prevail, human capital theory and functionalism take into account cultural, historical, and economic factors. In my opinion, the human capital theory presents a more persuasive reason. Although race and gender inequalities in the United States have diminished in the past few centuries, many aspects of these inequalities still persist today. Race and gender inequalities are covert, andRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory908 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent explanations proposed, there is a predominant theory: the theory of social disorganization. As described by Dr. Rengifo (2009), the social disorganization theory, forwarded by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942), suggests that the variation in crime rates is linked to the weakened social integration of neighbourhoods which is a result of the presence of delinquent subcultures and structural factors on social interactions that lead to the absence of self-regulatory mechanisms. HoweverRead MoreKey Social Problems Affecting Africans Americans Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pages Though social problems affect a wide variety of people from all races, classes, and cultures; minorities, specifically African Americans, encounter social problems on a multi-dimensional basis. Poverty, employment rates, discrimination, and other social problems strike African Americans in such a way that it is nearly impossible to separate them; each individual has different background, socially and physically, that would determine in which order his or her social problems need to be solved. ImpoverishedRead MoreRacial Gap And Social Mobility1139 Words   |  5 Pagesby individuals for social mobility, we are prompted to conceptualize on matters appertaining to civil rights of individuals in various fields ranging from job allocations, medical attention, education, and distribution of resources. Social mobility refers to a tier in an open system of social strata that involves movement of various categories of people in a societal set up and majorly highlights issues to do with these people’s status characteristics. The most pernicious racial divide in the current

“to the Reader” Analysis Free Essays

â€Å"To The Reader† Analysis The never-ending circle of continuous sin and fallacious repentance envelops the poem â€Å"To the Reader† by Baudelaire. The beginning of this poem discusses the incessant dark vices of mankind which eclipse any attempt at true redemption. As the poem progresses, the dreariness becomes heavier by mentioning the Devil and demons, and how Hell is the final stop of everyone’s journey. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"to the Reader† Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ending stanza says the most dangerous of all actions is boredom. This proposition that boredom is the most unruly thing one can do insinuates that Baudelaire views boredom as a gate way to all horrible things a person can do. The first thing one reads is the title, â€Å"To the Reader. † With this, Baudelaire is not just singling out any individuals or a certain group of people. â€Å"Folly, error, sin and parsimony,† (1) everyone possesses these vices, and that is who Baudelaire is addressing. A religious aspect is introduced in lines 5 through 7 stating that although we repent and confess, our sins are obstinate and our repentance feeble because soon after we are back to our wicked ways. Many religions, such as Christianity and Islam, believe that there is a joyous afterlife for those who have led a righteous lifestyle and have atoned for their sins. However, Baudelaire dismantles this comfort by implying that we repent because we â€Å"Believ[e] our base tears can wash away the stains [our sins]† (8). Even with the hint of a religious tone, Baudelaire is still talking to those without a religious affiliation, for no one is perfect and has not apologized for an act they were not sorry they committed. In class, it was argued that this poem is not actually a religious work because it has no hope and that it is, in fact, just about human nature; I believe it is about both. It is human nature to express regret towards those we have wronged, whether Christian, Muslim, Atheist, or any other denomination. However, those with a religious affiliation are hypocrites; preaching that we must all be without sin and have faith in and obey their respected deity. They, such as Christians, demonstrate hypocrisy through participating in sins themselves. They think ill thoughts against those who believe something else – judging; speak poorly of others to their friends – gossiping; confess that they did not mean what they said or did – lying. Although we may try to live better with each passing day, our evilness has a stronger resolve. Baudelaire writes â€Å"On the pillow of evil Satan Trismegistus / Cradles at length our enchanted soul† (9 10) â€Å"It is in hateful objects that we find peace / Each day, one step further towards Hell† (14 15). In these four lines, Baudelaire is suggesting that we do unholy or immoral things without noticing; continuing to entertain Gluttony, Pride, or Lust without a second thought, and that our souls are the Devil’s price. There are different levels of intensity to all sins; telling a white lie every now and again is far better than taking another’s life every now and again. For some, the thought of murdering or raping someone is atrocious, nevertheless Baudelaire believes that If rape and poison, arson and the knife Have not yet women their pleasant designs On the dull canvas of our lowly destinies It is because our soul, alas, is not yet bold enough. (25-28) The Christian religion is hinted here again by the use of women; it was Eve that introduced sin to mankind by eating the forbidden fruit, the pleasant design of sin. These lines are suggesting that appalling crimes are thought about and can be conducted by all, but only the strong willed are able to carry them out. Of all the horrible acts one can commit, Baudelaire suggests that there is one that is most heinous above all the rest, and that is boredom. Baudelaire states that Boredom is â€Å"more ugly, evil, [and] fouler than the rest† (33). Being in a state of boredom can lead to all types of malice and immoral thoughts. When you have time to think, memories of how someone wronged you may appear and you may decide to do wrong back unto him, or perhaps going to the club may seem like a nice way to meet with someone to relieve you of your boredom, etc. Boredom is not just failing to find something to do, but that you are tired of doing the same stuff over and over again. If one is bored of going to church and hearing the gospel, they could always decide to follow a different religion or drop it altogether. Who can say they are without sin, completely wholly, and truly deserving of a divine afterlife? As previously stated, some believers can be considered hypocrites. People are always preaching that one must practice a better way of living, yet they are deaf to their own sermon. Sin is practiced by all, even those who believe themselves to be above it. Unfortunately, to cast away sin is to cast away human nature, which cannot be done, and as long as boredom lingers around, sin will always follow. How to cite â€Å"to the Reader† Analysis, Essay examples

Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad free essay sample

For Popular Holdings Berhad, as the one of the biggest book store and provider in Malaysia, they basically need to exercise the SWOT analysis in order to stay strong in the market with nowadays there are a lot of book stores all around the country. Strength The strength for Popular holdings Berhad are the core values of the company which is the people, objectivity of the company, the product, unity created in the organization, the leadership style used, and the reward amp; recognition won. According to the first core value of Popular, people are their customers, they are their greatest asset. This is because, Popular bookstore is functioning as provider and supplier of books to the people. According in their website, people are their customers, the reason of their existence. People are their employees, their greatest asset. Without the people needs and interest, their business will never gain any profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, the second core value of Popular is their objective of work. They implement the approach that work positively through pro-active participation and open communication. The employees were given the opportunities to get involved in the decision making and problem solving. The third core value of Popular Holdings Berhad is provides their customers quality product at a reasonable price. With this, Popular can persuade a lot of customers especially students and as the result they can create loyal customers. The fourth value says that Popular respect their people and promote teamwork. Unity is the most important value in all organization because with it all work and goals can be achieved successfully. Leading with commitment, integrity and competence is the fifth core value of Popular. The six values will be striving for excellence, fostering a quality culture in our company. Lastly Popular encourage, recognize and reward their

DSL vs Cable essays

DSL vs Cable essays Is the cable company in your neighborhood offering a "sweet deal" on their cable modem service? Maybe the phone company has contacted you about their new DSL rollout? Some people live in places where neither cable modem nor DSL service is available, but many others have the choice of both. For those who do live in areas with DSL or cable net support will be able to vastly choose which service to use. Many individuals ponder which service is more beneficial and reliable when it comes to services, price, speed, and last but not least, security. Families no longer need to fight over the phone line when the Internet is being used because DSL and cable net offer a separate line, which doesnt interfere with the original. As a result, having DSL or cable modem services is like having two phone lines but both offer faster speed that exceeds the speed of those equivalent modems. But the main question remains, which one is better? the decision is up to one. Commencing to which service is more available and dependable, I come to a conclusion that both meets the same requirements of the customers need. Both DSL service and cable service arent available in all areas of the country, some neighborhoods have it and certain dont. Exceptionally, the two utilities are increasing each day as it spreads nationwide in attempt to recruit more homes and businesses to their plans. Each one is highly recommended because the costumer service each one provides is at its standards. One doesnt require waiting on hold because there is always someone there to pick the phone and answer any questions regarding any problems. Seeing how the technical support and the friendly operators they have to assist me when I was asking about their service, I resolve that the customer services is at its perfection. Compared to traditional dial-up access, these two technologies open up homes and small businesses to a new...

Egypt Cult of the Sun God and Akhenatens Monotheism

Egypt Cult of the Sun God and Akhenatens Monotheism Egypt During the New Kingdom, the cult of the sun god Ra became increasingly important until it evolved into the uncompromising monotheism of Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, 1364-1347 B.C.). According to the cult, Ra created himself from a primeval mound in the shape of a pyramid and then created all other gods. Thus, Ra was not only the sun god, he was also the universe, having created himself from himself. Ra was invoked as Aten or the Great Disc that illuminated the world of the living and the dead. The effect of these doctrines can be seen in the sun worship of Pharaoh Akhenaten, who became an uncompromising monotheist. Aldred has speculated that monotheism was Akhenatens own idea, the result of regarding Aten as a self-created heavenly king whose son, the pharaoh, was also unique. Akhenaten made Aten the supreme state god, symbolized as a rayed disk with each sunbeam ending in a ministering hand. Other gods were abolished, their images smashed, their names excised, their temples abandoned, and their revenues impounded. The plural word for god was suppressed. Sometime in the fifth or sixth year of his reign, Akhenaten moved his capital to a new city called Akhetaten (present-day Tall al Amarinah, also seen as Tell al Amarna). At that time, the pharaoh, previously known as Amenhotep IV, adopted the name Akhenaten. His wife, Queen Nefertiti, shared his beliefs. Akhenatens religious ideas did not survive his death. His ideas were abandoned in part because of the economic collapse that ensued at the end of his reign. To restore the morale of the nation, Akhenatens successor, Tutankhamen, appeased the offended gods whose resentment would have blighted all human enterprise. Temples were cleaned and repaired, new images made, priests appointed, and endowments restored. Akhenatens new city was abandoned to the desert sands. Data as of December 1990Source: Library of Congress Country Studies Ancient Egypt LOC Articles Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom 3d Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt - Old Middle Kingdoms and 2d Intermediate Period

Art and gender assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and gender assignment - Essay Example Including my teddy bear in the assemblage, was to bring out a part of me; which every girl has. As females develop, they are showered with toys that comprise of nursing and home care (Robinson et al 132). Adding the teddy bear in the assemblage will point out that this assemblage was made by a girl. All girls have secrets, and all teenage girls have diaries where they lash out their daily experiences and crushes; that are why I included my dairy. The last item I included in my diary was my lip balm. Females tend to take care of themselves, making their images their top most priority, which is the reason of including the lip balm. I arranged the assemblage to resemble a collage with a pink background; so as to communicate gender. Females are linked with the color pink, and all the items arranged in the collage are in a circular manner, expressing that they all help females run their lives. I hope to communicate to all viewers that the female gender is sensitive, caring, loving, friendly, and compassionate from the

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 208

Assignment Example The equations of the model are: C = 120 + 0.86Y, I = 300, G = 520, T = 0, X = 180, IM = 0.12Y. Total autonomous spending in this model is 12) Consider the following news headline: "Business community gloomy about the economy-investment plans axed." Assuming that aggregate output is demand-determined, what effect will this have, all other things equal, on the AE function and on equilibrium national income? 14) Consider a simple macro model with a constant price level and demand-determined output. Suppose desired aggregate expenditures are less than the current level of national income. The vertical distance between the AE curve and the 45-degree line represents Generally, a decline in interest rates significantly boosts consumption, for this induces individuals to borrow from banks; borrowings used for consumption expenditures. An increase in the interest rate, however, sends negative signals to the market, in effect, reducing borrowings used for consumption expenditures. A brief look suggests that anticipated changes in income, which may entail tax changes, indeed impacts consumption in one way or the other. The precise effect, however, depends on whether the perceived changes are temporary or permanent. An anticipated cut on income will automatically reduce consumption expenditures. Increases in income will thus boost consumption. The challenge, therefore, depends on the specific expectations and contexts in which the increases or decreases are implemented. Each of the following headlines describes an event that will have an effect on desired aggregate expenditure. Which component (or sector) of AE would be affected? What will be the effect on equilibrium national income? Explain The component of aggregate expenditure that would be affected with the minister’s pledge is the Consumption component. Basically, the announcement will leave workers with an increment in their

Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership

Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership Gong Chen Abstract This paper include an assessment of the organization Im currently working for with definitions of and detailed analysis on how that organization applies the lessons learned in the course, including fundamentals of leadership, organizational culture and climate, high performing teams, problem management and decision making, ethics and professional codes of conduct. This paper also includes an overall organization of document with an introduction, body and conclusion. Keywords: leadership, organizational culture, team, decision making, ethics Assessment of My Organization An Application of Lesson Learned in Organizational Leadership Organization Overview My organization (the firm in this article) is a multinational professional services firm headquartered in London, UK, Ernst Young (EY). EY is one of the largest professional services firm in the world and is one of the Big Four accounting firms. The organization operates as a network of member firms which are separate legal entities in individual countries. It has 231,000 employees in over 700 offices around 150 countries in the world. It provides assurance (including financial audit), tax, consulting and advisory services to companies. In 2016, Fortune magazine ranked EY as 49th of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, and in 2016, EY is the 11th largest privately owned organization in the United States. During my days working at the firm, I observed several concepts applied by the organization that are closely related what I have learned from this class so far. This paper will focus on and provide a detailed analysis of the following five major areas. Fundamentals of Leadership The firm understand that strong leadership is what required to achieve our ambition and fulfill our purposes. Professional with leadership traits at every level of firm are the keys to the change and growth. Specifically, there are four fundamental categories of leadership the firm had defined for our people business leadership, client leadership, team leadership, and personal leadership. In a firm that people culture was emphasized every day and everywhere, personal leadership is the most important trait among others. This means communicating with confidence, humility and integrity to build trust and support others, actively maintaining your personal well-being, energy and enthusiasm and exhibiting curiosity and self-awareness to adapt your behavior and connect in diverse contexts. As business leaders, they enhance our reputation and standing in the market through applying financial, operational, risk, sector and global insights to make business decisions in dynamic markets, leveraging the firms business development practices to responsibly achieve market leadership, collaborating widely within the firm and externally to bring new ideas. As a client leader, they ensure that our people are connected, responsive and insightful by bringing all of our clients with the right people in the right locations, building trust and enriching relationships, being proactive, visible and timely sharing our experiences and a point of view tailored to the clients, thereby advancing their thinking. As a team leader, they have a fundamental role in building and supporting the high-performing teams by articulating a bold, clear vision that engages and inspires everyone, selecting, respecting and developing a diverse mix of talent with the right skills at the right time, setting the high standards expected of our profession and enabling each individual and team to deliver quality results. On the other hand, in my opinion, even though there are plenty authoritative-type of leaders, the firm has leaders that are very different in leadership style. They tend to inspire other people, especially younger professionals to unleash their potential to achieve better. They also tend to identify others with purpose, building robust partnerships that enhance our impact and inspire those around them to see the bigger picture. Additionally, these leaders lead our professionals and serve the clients by leading inclusively and being open-minded for new perspectives that help us thinking creatively and lead to better answers. This will help solving our clients challenges and build trust and confidence in the industry. Even more, our leaders also achieve our purpose by making an impact in their careers beyond the firm and helping the industry to work better in businesses, communities and organizations across the globe. After all, leadership is about everyone at the firm, not just people at the top. However, as role models, it is important to lead by example and exemplify our leadership behaviors. High Performing Teams From my observation, high-performing teams at our firm demonstrates three kay characteristics common vision, balance, and quality results. Common vision means the team articulate a bold, clear vision that engages and inspires everyone. Balance means the team select, respect and develop a diverse mix of talents with the right skills at the right time. Quality results means the team sets high standards expected of our deliverables and enable each individual and team to deliver quality results. Specifically, there are five winning behaviors that are commonly observable drive consistent positive outcome and team experience. Trust is the foundation of a high performing, cohesive team. Trust is the confidence among team members that their intentions are good, and that there is no reason to be protective or careful around the group. Confront conflicts Teams that trust one another are comfortable debating key issues to produce the best possible solution. All opinions and ideas are put on the table and considered. By confronting conflicts, teams will solve problems efficiently, have lively, productive discussion, and utilize all opinions of all team members. Focus on results High-performing teams at the firm are able to set aside their individual goals and agendas and focus exclusively on the teams collective accomplishments. By focusing on results, teams could not only accomplish the results they set out to achieve, but also avoid distractions by making their results a priority and stay focused by clearly defining their targets and keeping them tangible. Accept accountability High-performing teams that commit to decisions and standards of performance hold one another accountable for adhering to those decisions and standards. Members of great teams are willing to challenge their peers on performance or behaviors. By accepting accountability, teams enhance alliance by setting high expectations for each other, expect team every member to deliver, and have low tolerance for mediocrity. Commitment This is a result of two things: clarity and buy-in. Clarity is the removal of assumptions and ambiguity from a task. Buy-in means taking the ownership of a task. By showing commitment, teams could establish clarity around direction and priorities, obtain buy-in from all team members, learn from mistakes, commit to deadlines, and move forward without hesitation. After all, this is the essence of the firms high-performing teams: the unique code that will enable us to achieve better and faster. Organization Culture and Climate Our culture and value define who we are we are people who demonstrate integrity, respect, and teaming; people with energy, enthusiasm, and the courage to lead; people who build relationships based on doing the right thing. In my opinion, our organization really focus on building a people culture. This is easily understandable considering were a professional service firm where people is the most significant asset. Therefore, for my organization, globalization and underlying demographic trends imply that competition to attract best people is raising sharply. Top employers are adapting to the trend by building globally experienced leadership and equipping their people with the skills to lead in the future. We aspire to have a leading people culture everywhere in the world. Creating an atmosphere that attracts and retains the finest minds and helps they thrive leads to better service for clients. We are focusing on inclusiveness, development, and engagement of our culture that enhance what is important to our clients and our people. The firm also focus on improving the teams capacity for collective action and aligning individuals motivations around high level missions, and a shared set of values that build commitment and inspire passion and creativity. Additionally, coaching and mentoring is always one of the top things for our organization. Internally, it is always important to help team members to find a sense of personal fulfilment from their missions. Externally, we were also encouraged to build collaborative relationship with other firms in the industry for mutual support. The organization also seek to build collaborative partnership with clients and the community. Problem Management Decision Making In this highly interconnected and competitive industry, the firm believes the ability to make the right decisions, at the right time, has become a core advantage. Our people are faced with constantly complex and multidimensional decisions.ÂÂ   We must be able to react to sudden shifts in the business environment, in real-time. The firm has invested a great amount of effort to improve our decision-making efficiency and level of insight to improve performance. First of all, the firm narrowed down some common challenges faced by our people in decision making. For instance, we were lacking confidence in making strategic decisions sometimes. We sometimes made decisions based on intuition and experience, spent too much time on mechanical tasks rather than analysis, and focused on unnecessary detail. We were expect to be adding more value through better use of leading indicators, conducting root cause analysis of issues, and linking strategy with resource allocation, planning and reporting. Therefore, the firm has been focusing on implementing a driver-based decision making process at every level. Most other processes out there include a discussion or even a listing of drivers. However, this conceptual listing does not typically build out the driver insights to a deep enough level to really drive decision-making. Our process emphasized drivers should be quantified, built into a mathematical model, with correlations among the drivers, enabling planning and root cause analysis at the driver level. Specifically, we developed a driver-based framework to evaluate each initiative on a consistent set of driver inputs. The driver methodology enabled comparison of driver assumptions for accuracy as well as a repeatable way of prioritizing initiatives. This could be demonstrated by a simple example. For instances, if a revenue target was missed, the driver-based analysis could help our reveals the roost causes. Revenue decline may be due to units, not price, and unit decline is due to smaller market size, but market share has exceeded plan. That means the firm is still growing share while maintaining price. In this case, our strategic focus should be whether the market size could recover. No matter what the answer is, we should always focus on generating high-performance share growth to maintain our revenue. On the contrary, if a revenue target was exceeded, the driver-based analysis could help us define the contributors. Units might be twice the projected number because the market size is three times the planned size, but market share is lagging plan despite aggressive discounting that has driven down net price. In this case, our strategic focus should be whether to invest more in this growing market. As this approach becoming more commonly used at the firm, we believe this is a very effective and suitable decision making method for us because drivers enable fact-based evaluations of business alternatives, as well as ability to run risk-specific scenarios. Additionally, drivers enable 1uantitative analysis to hone in on upside opportunity and downside risk at an actionable level. Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct Our firm is one of the worlds most respected organizations, and were aiming to make us one of the best places to work. That reputation is the result of our professional skills, and integrity, embodied in our strong values and our Code of Conduct. As a public accounting firm, professional integrity is our greatest asset. Acting with integrity means complying with laws, regulations and standards that apply to our professional conduct. It also means complying with the firms policies and procedures, including competing for business, serving clients, documenting work and reporting hours and expenses accurately. Objectivity and independence are critical parts of making sure the investing public has confidence in our services. Failing to embody these values puts our professional reputation at risk. We embrace the rules and policies regarding professional independence. And we avoid activities that might have even the appearance of impropriety. Citations: Ernst Young. In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 23, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young Our people and culture. Ernst Young Global Limited, About us. Web. March 23, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/2020-vision_our-people-21st-century-workforce Our Value. Ernst Young Global Limited, About us. Web. March 23, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/our-values Creating an ethical culture. By David Gebler. May 2006. Strategic Finance. Living Our Value. Ernst Young Global Limited. March 23, 2017. Code of Conduct. Ernst Young Global Limited. March 23, 2017.

Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s.1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States.2 The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver's license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0.08 (i.e., 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver's faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid.) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver's license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles c)An assessment of the individual's degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n.d.) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0.20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i.e., 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California's DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n.d.) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. (Kavanaugh, 2003). An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council's main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems.4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers' attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver's perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid.) Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police.† (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases. Substance Abuse: Driving Under the Influence According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 16,694 people died in 2004 in alcohol and drug related traffic collisions, representing 40% of all traffic related deaths in the United States. (â€Å"2004 Traffic Safety†¦ † 2005) In addition about half of the one million people injured in road accidents were also due to driving under the influence (DUI). These are startling statistics, which underscore the enormity of the problem posed by the vast number of people who drive while intoxicated. Another point of concern regarding drunk driving or DUI is that repeat or hardcore offenders are the cause of a large proportion of traffic accidents with one out of eight intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes having had a prior DUI/DWI conviction within the past three years. (Pena, 2005) As a result, a number of programs have sprung up around the country seeking to rehabilitate the repeat DUI offenders through education, counseling, and treatment. The laws against DUI and rehab programs have resulted in a gradual but steady decline in fatalities from drunk driving since the 1980s. In this essay, I shall focus on such programs that seek to address the problem of DUI, particularly programs for the chronic and repeat offenders. The laws and penalties against driving while intoxicated have been made stricter in the US since the 1970s. The drinking age has also been uniformly raised to 21 years, while it was 18 in several states prior to the 1980s. 1 Currently, driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence (DUI) is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions within the United States. The punishment for DUI includes jail terms, monetary fines, mandatory DUI programs, and confiscation of driver's license for repeated offenders. Some states even treat DUI as a felony under certain circumstances such as the presence of a very high blood alcohol content (BAC), the severity of the accident caused by the drunk driver, or in cases where the driver is a repeat offender. (â€Å"Drunk Driving-United States† 2005) In case of alcohol consumption, most states laws have designated the legal limit of blood alcohol content (BAC) for drunk driving at 0. 08 (i. e. , 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood). In cases of driving under the influence of prescription medication or illicit drugs there is no â€Å"per se† or legal limit. Instead, in cases of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol, the key factor is whether the driver's faculties were impaired by the substance that was consumed. Due to this reason, the detection and successful prosecution of drivers impaired by prescription medication or illegal drugs is difficult. Besides performing a chemical test (blood, urine, or breath analysis) in order to determine the BAC of the offender, a law enforcing officer may also administer a Field Sobriety Test (FST) on a suspect driver. There are certain standardized FSTs such as the â€Å"Walk and Turn† test, the â€Å"One-leg Stand† and â€Å"Horizontal Gaze Test,† which can reliably determine the level of impairment of an intoxicated driver. (Ibid. ) The Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) enacted in 1998 encourages States to enact Repeat Intoxicated Driver laws providing for minimum penalty for repeat offenders such as: a)Suspension of driver's license for not less than one year b)Impoundment, immobilization, or installation of ignition interlock system on vehicles )An assessment of the individual's degree of abuse of alcohol and treatment as appropriate d)Not less than 30 days community service or 5 days of imprisonment for 2nd offense and not less than 60 days community service or 10 days of imprisonment for 3rd and subsequent offense. (â€Å"Minimum Penalties for Repeat offenders† n. d. ) As mentioned in the introduction, there are a number of DUI programs in the United States that seek to control the menace of drunk driving through education, counseling and treatment of the offenders. Some of these programs are described below: California's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Program: California was among the first states in the US (along with New York) to introduce laws pertaining to drunk driving. It has also introduced an effective DUI Program, which is governed by legislation enacted in 1978. The State has a system in place that determines the need for DUI program services, licenses DUI programs, establishes regulations, approves participant fees and fee schedules, and provides DUI information. A person convicted of a first DUI offense are required to complete a state-licensed three-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. Drivers detected with a blood alcohol content of 0. 20 or higher must complete a state-licensed sixmonth, 45-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program. These programs are designed to enable participants to consider attitudes and behavior, support positive lifestyle changes, and reduce or eliminate the use of alcohol and/or drugs. (â€Å"An Overview of California's†¦ 2004) Repeat DUI offenders (second and subsequent DUI convictions) must complete an 18-month multiple offender program. Such programs provide 52 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 6 hours of community reentry monitoring; and biweekly individual interviews during the first 12 months of the program. A county in California may elect to provide 30-month DUI programs for third and subsequent DUI offenders, which provide longer periods of counselling, education, and community service, i. e. 78 hours of group counseling; 12 hours of alcohol and drug education; 120-300 hours of community service; and close and regular individual interviews. Presently, such services are available in Los Angeles and San Francisco Counties. (â€Å"An Overview of California's†¦ † 2004) The California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs (â€Å"CADDTP†) has been formed to help promote understanding of, and improve the role of the DUI programs in California. Most people agree that California's DUI program network is â€Å"the most inclusive, structured, and complex† and its entire programs are self-supporting through fees paid by participants. They have caused DUI arrests and alcohol-related fatalities to decline steadily in the last two decades when it was introduced. (â€Å"California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs† n. d. ) Drug Courts for DUI: An American Council on Alcoholism (ACA) Program: In collaboration with the National Association for Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) and the National Commission Against Drunk Driving (NCADD), the American Council on Alcoholism Program (ACAP) seeks to promote and establish courts that focus on alcoholism treatment for drunk driving offenders. This is because ACA believes that the root cause of the drunk driving problem is alcohol abuse and alcoholism and unless we address the root problem of alcoholism, we will not be able to solve the problem of drunk driving. The ACA also believes that traditional means of prevention have had little or no effect on â€Å"hard core† drunk drivers or repeat offenders; therefore it is working for the application of the highly successful drug courts model to cure hardcore drunk drivers of their alcoholism. Drug Court Programs have been found to be highly successful in rehabilitating repeat and hardcore DUI offenders. Recidivism rate in such programs is remarkably low (about 11% v 60% for most other programs). A unique feature of Drug Court is the direct involvement of the judge in the treatment process who remains in direct contact with the defendant and engages in frequent discussion of the progress. The frequent contact between the judge and the defendant creates a paternal-like relationship between them and the judge is able to give positive reinforcement, issue instant reprimands or order incarceration for up to 30 days as the situation demands. An example of a successful DUI Drug Court Program is the Butte County Revia Project started in 1996 for repeat drinking drivers. The key to this model of treatment is the use of ReVia (generic name: naltrexone) for weaning the repeat DUI offenders from their alcohol dependence. (â€Å"Butt County Revia Project,† 2003) The Century Council3 created The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project in 1997 in order to coordinate efforts directed towards deterrence of hardcore drunk drivers who habitually drive while highly intoxicated. The Council's main aim is to call attention to the serious nature of the crime of drunk driving and to provide the needed framework in order to close loopholes in existing laws and programs, enact needed legislation, and ensure that the responsible agencies and organizations work together effectively to address the problem. The Council stresses that successful DUI programs for repeat and hardcore offenders should be based on swift identification, certain punishment and effective treatment. It conducts research on DUI and has published a comprehensive source book on the topic, which provides up-to-date data to assist legislators, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community activists, corrections personnel, and treatment professionals in developing programs to reduce hardcore drunk driving. (â€Å"National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project† 2003) There are a number of other organizations in the US as well as many other countries that are engaged in conducting programs for the treatment of chronic and repeat DUI offenders. These include the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-a support group of alcoholics that seeks to cure alcohol addicts from their addiction through a twelve-step process; the Al-Anon/ Al-Ateen Family Groups–a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope, in order to solve their common problems. 4 The Al-Anon programs are based on the belief that alcoholism is a family illness, and that changed attitudes can aid recovery. Convicted DUI offenders can be sent to jail and fined, particularly in case of repeat offenders. Other alternatives to jail sentence, apart from the DUI Programs for rehabilitation that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are: Electronic Monitoring (wearing of an ankle bracelet that monitors the whereabouts of the wearer); Work Release-the convicted person works at a place determined by the Probation Department and goes home to sleep; Work Furlough-an arrangement in which the participant keeps his job but returns to a dormitory style facility at night; and City Jail-operated by the local police where the participants spend the night but are released during the day. (â€Å"Jail Alternatives† 2005) Most DUI laws are aimed at deterring driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. One way of deterring DUI offenses is by making policies and laws that change the drivers' attitude towards DUI and by altering their perceptions of the likely consequences as a result of DUI behavior. (Greenburg et al, 2004). Such anti-DUI laws could be enacted and public information campaigns launched that enhance a driver's perception of â€Å"the certainty, swiftness and severity of prosecution† for drunk-driving offenses, or by increasing awareness of the physical dangers associated with driving while intoxicated (Ibid. Some experts believe that the â€Å"moral component† of the laws is much more important than the â€Å"fear factor† of apprehension and punishment in the long-term control of drunk driving. This is mainly because the likelihood of detection for DUI offenders is very low or uncertain. According to a study quoted by Robin, â€Å"On any given outing, an intoxicated driver has less than a 1-in-1000 chance of being apprehended by the police. (Robin 1991) Tough laws against drunken driving have a moral aspect that gradually develop a culture in a society that is intolerant of DUI regardless of the perceived legal risks to the driver involved. Hence, DUI laws are more likely to achieve their objective of controlling drunk driving if we emphasize the morality of the law rather than expect the hardcore violators to be deterred by the fear of getting caught. Despite a steady decline in the number of accidents and fatalities due to driving under the influence (DUI) in the US since the 1980s, the numbers are still unacceptably high. It is even more alarming that a large proportion of these accidents are caused by repeat offenders or hard core drinkers. As discussed in this paper, measures taken to control DUI range from stricter punishment to rehabilitation programs aimed at changing the behavior of chronic DUI offenders. Some of these programs have contributed significantly in reducing DUI offenses. However, a sustained, coordinated, and long-term effort is required for further reduction in DUI cases.

Biology 1322 Lay Literature Article Essay - 736 Words

ARTICLE CRITIQUE BIOL 1322 The newspaper/magazine article I am critiquing comes from: Women’s Health , dated November/December 2005 . (Name of Publication) NOTE: Attach a copy of the article to this report. Answer the following questions: 1. What sort of language does the writer use? Do the words imply sensationalism or conclusive findings? Phrases such as â€Å"startling revelation† or â€Å"now we know† or â€Å"the study proved† are clues to whether the report is a sensational one. Does the author take a tentative approach, using words such as may, might, or could? What do these words imply? I evaluate the language used in the publication as follows: The†¦show more content†¦Where? Does the journal mentioned publish valid scientific findings? I judge the credibility of the item to be: I judge the credibility of this article to be accurate. Although there was no mention of whether or not the information provided is published in a medical or nutritional journal, the author states that the dosages given are the Recommended Daily Allowances. RDA’s easily be verified online through numerous websites and journal articles. 4. How were the results obtained? Can you tell from the article whether this was a case study, an epidemiological study, and intervention study, or a laboratory study? How does that information affect your understanding of what the results have contributed to nutrition science? The methods used to obtain these results were: From this text of the article I conclude that the information provided came as the result of case studies. Knowing that the data has been tested and proven shows me that nutritional science is an evolving field of study. Just like any other science, what works for one person mat not necessarily work for another. These studies produce Recommended Daily Allowances that provide us with a guide to start our individual nutritional plan and then adjustments can be made as necessary for optimal individual health. 5. Does the finding apply to you? Should you change your eatingShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesimportance of statistics. Contrived problem situations and artiï ¬ cial data often reinforce this skepticism. A strategy that we have employed successfully to motivate students is to present examples and exercises that involve data extracted from journal articles, newspapers, and other published sources. Most examples and exercises in the book are of this nature; they cover a very wide range of disciplines and subject areas. These include, but are not limited to, health and ï ¬ tness, consumer research, psychology

Rules About Taking Growlers Into Canada

Like other goods that come through customs, Canada has some specific rules about how much and who can bring alcohol into the country.   Returning Canadians, visitors to Canada and people moving to Canada for short periods are allowed to bring small amounts of liquor and beer into the country as long as it accompanies them (that is, the alcohol cant be shipped separately). Its important to note that anyone bringing alcohol into Canada must be at least the legal drinking age of the province where they enter the country. For most Canadian provinces and territories the legal drinking age is 19; for Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is  18. The amounts of alcohol youre allowed to bring into Canada without paying duty or taxes will vary slightly by province as well.   The below chart shows the amount of alcohol that citizens and visitors may bring into Canada without paying duty or taxes (one of the following types,  not a combination,  is allowed in a single trip across the border). These amounts are considered the personal exemption amounts of alcohol Type of alcohol Metric Amount Imperial (English) Amount Estimate Wine Up to 1.5 liters Up to 53 fluid ounces Two bottles of wine Alcoholic beverage Up to 1.14 liters Up to 40 fluid ounces One large bottle of liquor Beer or Ale Up to 8.5 liters Up to 287 fluid ounces 24 cans or bottles Source: Canada Border Services Agency Returning Canadian Residents and Visitors The above amounts apply if you are a Canadian resident  or temporary resident returning from a trip outside Canada, or a former Canadian resident returning to live in Canada. You can bring these quantities of alcohol into Canada without paying duty and taxes after you have been out of the country for more than 48 hours. If youve been on a day trip to the United States, for example, any alcohol you bring back to Canada will be subject to the usual duties and taxes.   Visitors to Canada also are allowed to bring small quantities of alcohol into Canada without paying duty and taxes. Except in the Northwest Territories  and Nunavut, you can bring in amounts more than your personal exemption allowance by paying duties and taxes on  the excess amounts, but those amounts are limited by the province or territory in which you enter the country. Bringing Alcohol When Moving to Settle in Canada If you are moving to Canada permanently for the first time (that is, not a returning former resident), or if you are coming to Canada to work for a period longer than three years, you are allowed to bring the previously mentioned small quantities of alcohol  and may make arrangements to ship alcohol (the contents of your wine cellar for example) to your new Canadian address.   When entering Canada with an amount greater than the ones listed in the chart above (in other words, an amount exceeding your personal exemption), not only will you pay duty and taxes on the excess, youll be required to pay any applicable provincial or territorial taxes as well. Since each province varies, contact the liquor control authority in the province where youll be entering Canada for the most up-to-date information.